Ubuntu/Debian: Der umfassende Leitfaden vom Paketmanager APT für Anfänger

# Ubuntu 24.04 LTS "Noble Numbat" Repositories
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu noble main restricted
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu noble-updates main restricted
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu noble-security main restricted

sudo apt install firefox

Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  firefox-locale-en firefox-locale-de libdbus-glib-1-2
Suggested packages:
  fonts-lyx
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  firefox firefox-locale-en firefox-locale-de libdbus-glib-1-2
0 upgraded, 4 newly installed, 0 to remove and 2 not upgraded.
Need to get 85.6 MB of archives.
After this operation, 245 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]

sudo apt install -y firefox

apt policy firefox

sudo apt install firefox=147.0+build2-0ubuntu0.24.04.1

sudo apt install -s firefox

apt-cache tasksel --list-tasks

sudo apt install ubuntu-desktop^

sudo apt remove firefox

sudo apt purge firefox

sudo apt autoremove

sudo apt autoremove --purge

Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
The following packages will be REMOVED:
  firefox firefox-locale-en firefox-locale-de
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 3 to remove and 2 not upgraded.
After this operation, 245 MB disk space will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]

apt show firefox

Package: firefox
Version: 147.0+build2-0ubuntu0.24.04.1
Priority: optional
Section: web
Origin: Ubuntu
...
Description: Safe and easy web browser from Mozilla
 Firefox delivers safe, easy web browsing. A familiar user interface,
 enhanced security features including protection from online identity theft,
 and integrated search let you get the most out of the web.

apt search firefox

apt search --names-only firefox

sudo apt update

Hit:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu noble InRelease
Get:2 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu noble-security InRelease [109 kB]
Get:3 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu noble-updates InRelease [119 kB]
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
2 packages can be upgraded. Run 'apt list --upgradable' to see them.

apt list --upgradable

sudo apt upgrade

sudo apt update && sudo unattended-upgrade --debug

sudo dpkg-reconfigure unattended-upgrades

# PPA hinzufügen
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:user/repository-name
# Beispiel für Visual Studio Code
sudo add-apt-repository "deb [arch=amd64] https://packages.microsoft.com/repos/vscode stable main"

# Neue Repository-Datei erstellen
sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list.d/custom.list
# GPG-Schlüssel importieren
sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys SCHLÜSSEL-ID

Package: *
Pin: release o=Ubuntu
Pin-Priority: 500
Package: *
Pin: origin packages.microsoft.com
Pin-Priority: 300

du -sh /var/cache/apt/archives/

# Heruntergeladene Pakete entfernen
sudo apt clean
# Alte Pakete entfernen
sudo apt autoclean

APT::Cache-Start "100000000";
APT::Cache-Limit "150000000";

// Parallele Downloads
Acquire::Queue-Mode "host";
Acquire::http::Pipeline-Depth "5";
Acquire::https::Pipeline-Depth "5";
// Komprimierung
Acquire::CompressionTypes::Order:: "gz";
Acquire::CompressionTypes::Order:: "xz";

E: Could not get lock `/var/lib/dpkg/lock-frontend`

# Prüfen, welcher Prozess die Sperre hält
sudo lsof /var/lib/dpkg/lock-frontend
# Locks manuell entfernen (nur wenn nötig!)
sudo rm /var/lib/apt/lists/lock
sudo rm /var/cache/apt/archives/lock
sudo rm /var/lib/dpkg/lock*
sudo dpkg --configure -a

# System reparieren
sudo apt --fix-broken install
# Abhängigkeiten neu konfigurieren
sudo dpkg --configure -a
# Paketdatenbank neu aufbauen
sudo apt clean
sudo apt update --fix-missing

# Beschädigte Pakete finden
sudo dpkg -l | grep "^..r"
# Paketarchiv überprüfen
sudo apt-get check

# Einzelnes Paket neu installieren
sudo apt install --reinstall paketname
# Alle installierten Pakete verifizieren
sudo debsums -s

DPkg::Pre-Install-Pkgs {
	"echo 'Starting package installation at '$(date) >> /var/log/apt/custom.log";
};
DPkg::Post-Install-Pkgs {
	"echo 'Finished package installation at '$(date) >> /var/log/apt/custom.log";
};

sudo nano /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades

Unattended-Upgrade::Allowed-Origins {
	"${distro_id}:${distro_codename}-security";
	"${distro_id}:${distro_codename}-updates";
};
Unattended-Upgrade::Mail "admin@example.com";
Unattended-Upgrade::Remove-Unused-Dependencies "true";

#!/bin/bash
# /usr/local/sbin/system-update
# Log-Datei erstellen
exec 1> >(logger -s -t $(basename $0)) 2>&1
# Updates durchführen
apt update
apt full-upgrade -y
apt autoremove -y
apt clean
# Status melden
echo "Update completed on $(date)"

# APT-Secure Einstellungen
APT::Get::AllowUnauthenticated "false";
APT::Secure::AllowInsecureRepositories "false";

sudo apt-forktrace

sudo deborphan

sudo cp -r /etc/apt/sources.list* /backup/apt/

dpkg --get-selections > ~/package-selections.txt

sudo dpkg --set-selections < ~/package-selections.txt
sudo apt-get dselect-upgrade

less /var/log/apt/history.log

less /var/log/apt/term.log

du -sh /var/cache/apt/archives/

dpkg-query -W --showformat='${Installed-Size}\t${Package}\n' | sort -n